What is Nickel Oxide Used For?
Nickel oxide (NiO) has various applications in different fields. Here are some common uses of nickel oxide:
- Catalysis: Nickel oxide is widely used as a catalyst in several chemical reactions. It can promote oxidation and reduction reactions and is employed in processes such as hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, and methanation. Additionally, it finds applications in the production of ceramic materials and in the synthesis of various organic compounds.
- Batteries: Nickel oxide is a key component in rechargeable nickel-cadmium (NiCd) and nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries. It serves as the positive electrode material (cathode), reacting with metal hydrides or cadmium to store and release electrical energy.
- Ceramic Industry: Due to its stability at high temperatures, nickel oxide is utilized in the production of ceramic glazes and pigments. It imparts specific colors, such as black or green, to ceramic products.
- Sensors: Nickel oxide is employed in gas sensing devices, particularly in detecting reducing gases like carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2). The change in electrical properties of nickel oxide when exposed to these gases enables their detection.
- Electrochromic Devices: Nickel oxide thin films are utilized in electrochromic devices, which can change their optical properties (such as light transmission and reflection) in response to an applied electric field. These devices are used in smart windows, rear-view mirrors, and other applications where adjustable light transmission is desired.
- Fuel Cells: Nickel oxide is used as a catalyst in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). It promotes the oxidation of hydrogen or hydrocarbons to produce electricity in these high-temperature fuel cell systems.
- Glass Industry: In the glass industry, nickel oxide is employed as a colorant to produce green glass, which finds application in decorative glassware, bottles, and architectural glass.
Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate Uses
Copper sulfate pentahydrate, also known as copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate or simply copper sulfate, is a chemical compound with the formula CuSO4·5H2O. It is a bright blue crystalline solid that contains copper, sulfur, oxygen, and water molecules. The “pentahydrate” part of its name indicates that each copper sulfate molecule is associated with five water molecules.
Copper sulfate pentahydrate is commonly used for various purposes, including:
- Agricultural Applications: It is used as a fungicide and pesticide to control fungal and bacterial diseases in crops. It can also be used as a soil additive to correct copper deficiencies in plants.
- Electroplating: Copper sulfate is used in electroplating processes to create a thin layer of copper on objects, providing a decorative or protective coating.
- Laboratory Uses: It serves as a reagent in various chemical reactions and is commonly used in school laboratories for educational experiments.
- Animal and Livestock Supplement: Copper sulfate is sometimes added to animal feed as a mineral supplement to meet the copper requirements of livestock.
- Water Treatment: It can be used in water treatment processes to control algae and other organisms in ponds, reservoirs, and swimming pools.
The Close Relationship between Nickel and Stainless Steel
Stainless steel is often divided into martensitic stainless steel, ferrite stainless steel, austenitic stainless steel, austenitic ferrite duplex stainless steel and precipitated hardened stainless steel. Whether as stainless steel plate or heat-resistant steel plate, austenitic steel plate has the best comprehensive performance. It has sufficient strength, and excellent plasticity. This is one of the reasons why austenitic stainless steel is so widely adopted. Similar to most other metal materials, the tensile strength, yield strength and hardness of austenitic stainless steel increase with decreasing temperature. And plasticity decreases with decreasing temperature. The tensile strength increases uniformly in the range of 15 to 80°C. More importantly, the impact toughness decreases slowly with the decrease of temperature, and there is no brittle transition temperature. So stainless steel at low temperature can maintain enough plasticity and toughness. The heat resistance of stainless steel refers to the oxidation resistance or corrosion resistance of gas medium at high temperature. That is thermal stability. Austenitic stainless steel contains more than 18% chromium, but also contains about 8% nickel and a small amount of molybdenum, titanium, nitrogen and other elements.
Nickel is an important alloying element in austenitic stainless steel. Nickel has great influence on the microstructure and properties of austenitic stainless steel. Its main function is to stabilize austenite and make steel obtain complete austenite structure. This makes the steel get good strength, plasticity, hot and cold workability, cold formability, welding and no magnetic properties. At the same time, nickel can improve the thermodynamic stability of austenitic stainless steel. Compared with the chromium and molybdenum content of ferrite, martensitic and other stainless steel, nickel austenitic stainless steel has better rust resistance and oxidation resistance. And it can improve the stability of the surface film. This also makes the steel have more excellent resistance to reducing media properties.
1. Characteristics of Nickel
- Physical properties. Nickel is a silver-white metal with magnetic properties and good plasticity. Nickel is a malleable and ferromagnetic metallic element that is highly polished and resistant to corrosion. Dissolved in nitric acid, it appears green. It is used chiefly in alloys (e.g., nickel steel and nickel silver) and as a catalyst (e.g., laney nickel, especially as a catalyst for hydrogenation).
- Chemical properties: Nickel is insoluble in water, forming a dense oxide film on the surface of the humid air at room temperature, which can prevent the continued oxidation of the main metal. It can dissolve slowly in dilute acid and release hydrogen gas to produce green Ni-divalent ion Ni (strong alkali resistance). Nickel can be burned in pure oxygen, producing a brilliant white glow. Nickel can also be burned in chlorine and fluorine. The oxidizing solution, including nitric acid, does not react. Nickel is a moderate-strength reducing agent. Nickel is slowly corroded by hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, organic acid and alkaline solution. Nickel dissolves slowly in dilute nitric acid. Fuming nitric acid can passivate nickel surface and has corrosion resistance. Nickel, like platinum and palladium, can absorb a large amount of hydrogen during passivation. The smaller the particle size is, the greater the absorption will be.
2. Influence of Nickel on Stainless Steel Structure
Nickel is an element that strongly stabilizes austenite and expands the austenitic phase region. In order to obtain a single austenitic structure, the minimum nickel content required for steel containing 0.1% carbon and 18% chromium is about 8%. This is the most famous 18-8 chromium nickel austenitic stainless steel basic fraction. In austenitic stainless steel, with the increase of nickel content, the residual ferrite can be completely eliminated. With the increase of nickel content, the solubility of carbon in austenitic stainless steel will be reduced and the tendency of carbide precipitation will be enhanced.
3. Influence of Nickel on the Properties of Stainless Steel
The influence of nickel on the mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steel, especially chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steel, is mainly determined by the influence of nickel on austenitic stability. In the range of nickel content in steel where martensitic transformation may occur, the strength of steel decreases and the plasticity increases with the increase of nickel content. Chromium-nickel austenite has stable austenitic structure, and its stainless steel toughness (including extremely low temperature toughness) is very good, so it can be used as low temperature steel. This is well known. The toughness of chromium manganese austenitic stainless steel with stable austenitic structure can be further improved by adding nickel. Nickel can also significantly reduce the cold working hardening tendency of austenitic stainless steel. The stability of austenite increases, reduces or even eliminates the martensitic transformation in the cold working process. And the cold working hardening of austenite itself is not obvious. When talking about the influence of cold working hardening tendency of stainless steel, nickel reduces the cold working hardening rate of austenitic stainless steel, and reduces the strength of steel at room temperature and low temperature. It also improves the role of plasticity. This determines that the increase of nickel content is conducive to the cold working formability of austenitic stainless steel. The increase of nickel content can also reduce or eliminate the δ ferrite in 18-8 and 17-14-2 chromium nickel austenitic stainless steel, thus improving its hot working performance. However, the decrease of δ ferrite is detrimental to the weld ability of these steels and increases the tendency to weld hot crack wires. In addition, nickel can significantly improve the hot working properties of chromium-manganese-nickel-nitrogen austenitic stainless steel, thus significantly increasing the yield of steel. In austenitic stainless steel, the addition of nickel and the increase of its content lead to the increase of thermodynamic stability. Therefore, austenitic stainless steel has better rust resistance and oxidation resistance of the medium performance. With the increase of nickel content, the resistance of austenitic stainless steel to reducing medium is further improved. It is worth pointing out that nickel is also the only important element to improve the resistance of austenitic stainless steel to trans-granular stress corrosion in many media. It should also be pointed out that under some conditions of high temperature and high pressure water, the increase of nickel content leads to the increase of the inter-granular stress corrosion sensitivity of steels and alloys. However, this adverse effect can be alleviated or inhibited with the increase of chromium content in steel and alloy. With the increase of nickel content in austenitic stainless steel, the critical carbon content of inter-granular corrosion decreases. That is the sensitivity of the steel to inter-granular corrosion increases. Nickel has no significant effect on the resistance of austenitic stainless steel to spot corrosion and slot corrosion. In addition, nickel can improve the oxidation resistance of austenitic stainless steel at high temperature. This mainly improved the composition of the chromium oxide film with nickel. In general, simple chromium nickel (and chromium manganese nitrogen) austenitic stainless steel is only used under conditions requiring non-rust and oxidation resistant media (such as nitric acid).
Wide Application Of Bismuth Trioxide
Bismuth Trioxide is obtained by melting the powdered form with potassium hydroxide, by boiling the hydroxide with potassium or sodium hydroxide, by the action of potassium cyanide on a nitric acid solution of bismuth nitrate. The oxide is also obtained when chlorine is passed into a fused mixture of bismuth and silver nitrate.Bismuth monoxide when heated in air yields the trioxide.
Bismuth Trioxide is being evaluated as a lead replacement in manufacturing free machining brasses especially for plumbing applications.Bismuth Trioxide is mainly used as an alternative for lead especially in the manufacturing of bullets, shots and other ammunition.Bismuth Trioxide is used as a pigment in manufacturing paints for eye shadows, nail polishes and hair sprays. Growing cosmetic industry is expected to boost the overall demand for bismuth market.This product is used as an alternative to lead and hence, has been used in range of applications where previously lead was used.
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Introduction To Cobalt Chloride Dihydrate
Cobalt Chloride is blue when it is anhydrous, or contains no water.It is more correctly known as cobalt (II) chloride or cobalt dichloride.CoCl2, is a compound of cobalt and chlorine.If you dissolve cobalt chloride in water and use the substance to draw or paint on a sheet of white paper, the markings will be almost invisible when the substance dries.
Cobalt Chloride is red or amaranthine crystal, easily soluble in water, soluble in ethanol, aether and propanone.Cobalt Chloride Dihydrate occurs as dark purple crystals.Cobalt Chloride Dihydrate may be used in the making of building materials, paints, pigments and printing inks, vitamin B12 supplements, tattoo inks, soaps and silica gel.
Because of the magnetic properties of cobalt, Cobalt Chloride Dihydrate is useful as a coating for computer memory storage devices.Electroplating using the chlorides of these metals is one of the ways used to coat the devices.Cobalt Dichloride can be used in the preparation for feeds and reagents.
Advantages Of Cobalt Sulfate
Cobalt Sulfate is rose red crystal. After dehydration, Cobalt Sulfate will become kind of red powder.Cobalt Sulfate is also called Cobaltous Sulfate or Cobaltous Sulphate.What’s more, Cobaltous Sulphate can easily effloresce in air. Cobaltous Sulfate is soluble in water and methanol, but slightly soluble in ethanol.
Cobaltous Sulfate works as paint desiccating agent in coating industry and color porcelain glaze in ceramic industry.Cobaltous Sulphate applies to alkaline batteries and lithopone additives. In addition, Cobalt Sulfate is also used as a catalyst and analytical reagents etc. In chemical industry, Cobaltous Sulfate is used as raw materials for the production of cobalt salt and also to manufacture cobaltiferous pigments.
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