Copper News

The synthesis of cuprous oxide (Cu₂O) is a fascinating chemical process that has intrigued scientists for centuries due to its wide range of applications in fields such as catalysis, solar energy conversion, and electronic devices^[].

The thermal breakdown of copper(I) salts or compounds is one of the conventional processes for producing cuprous oxide. A typical method is to heat a copper(II) salt solution, such as copper(II) chloride (CuCl₂), in the presence of a reducing agent, usually glucose or ascorbic acid, which is a weak reducing agent. As the temperature rises, this reaction reduces copper(II) ions to copper(I) ions, which is followed by the precipitation of cuprous oxide particles^[]:

2CuCl2​+2CH2​OH(CHOH)4​CHO+2H2​O → 2Cu2​O+2HCl+2CH3​COOH

Another technique is the direct thermal interaction of copper metal with oxygen^[]. This can be accomplished by thermally breaking down copper compounds in an environment high in oxygen or by carefully oxidizing copper metal. For example, cuprous oxide can be formed when copper metal is heated to temperatures exceeding 300°C in air or oxygen.

4Cu+O₂​→ 2Cu2O

Because cuprous oxide nanoparticles have different characteristics from bulk cuprous oxide, their production has attracted a lot of research. High surface area-to-volume ratios in nanoparticles can improve their catalytic activity and reactivity. Cuprous oxide nanoparticles with regulated size, shape, and crystallinity have been created using a variety of processes, including electrodeposition, chemical vapor deposition, and sol-gel approaches.

Green synthesis techniques have become viable substitutes for conventional methods in the manufacture of cuprous oxide in recent times. As precursors, these techniques usually make use of biomolecules, natural extracts, or ecologically safe reducing agents. For instance, under mild reaction conditions, plant extracts including polyphenols and flavonoids have been employed to convert copper ions to cuprous oxide nanoparticles. In addition to having positive effects on the environment, green synthesis gives the ability to modify the characteristics of cuprous oxide by selecting certain natural reducing agents and reaction parameters^[].
Additional characterisation of the produced cuprous oxide materials may be achieved by means of methods like Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD)^[]. These techniques for characterizing cuprous oxide particles aid in the comprehension of their shape, chemical makeup, surface characteristics, and crystal structure. This understanding enables the production of customized materials for particular uses and the optimization of synthesis parameters.

Reference

1. Sawant, S. S., Bhagwat, A. D., & Mahajan, C. M. (2016). Synthesis of cuprous oxide (Cu2O) nanoparticles–a review. Журнал нано-та електронної фізики, (8,№ 1), 01035-1.
2. Farghali, A. A., Bahgat, M., Allah, A. E., & Khedr, M. H. (2013). Adsorption of Pb (II) ions from aqueous solutions using copper oxide nanostructures. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2(2), 61-71.
3. Bera, P., Priolkar, K. R., Sarode, P. R., Hegde, M. S., Emura, S., Kumashiro, R., & Lalla, N. P. (2002). Structural investigation of combustion synthesized Cu/CeO2 catalysts by EXAFS and other physical techniques: formation of a Ce1-x Cu x O2-δ solid solution. Chemistry of Materials, 14(8), 3591-3601.
4. Bale, V.K., & Katreddi, H.R. (2022). Green synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of nanosized Cuprous Oxide fabricated using aqueous extracts of Allium Cepa and Raphanus Sativus.
5. Seifi, S., & Masoum, S. (2019). Preparation of copper oxide/oak-based biomass nanocomposite for electrochemical hydrogen storage. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44(23), 11979-11988.

1.1 Physcial Properties

The crystalline solid form of cobalt acetate is usually pink or red in color. At room temperature and pressure, it is often found in solid form. The anhydrous form of cobalt acetate has a melting point of around 140–150°C (284–302°F)^[], however this might vary depending on the hydration state. Its solubility rises with temperature and it is soluble in both water and polar solvents, this solubility is a key feature that facilitates its use in various solutions and mixtures for industrial applications. 1.71 g/cm^3 is the approximate density of anhydrous cobalt acetate. Because unpaired electrons exist in the cobalt ion’s d orbitals, some cobalt acetate complexes behave paramagnetically^[]. Cobalt acetate, particularly in its hydrated forms, has a propensity to take in moisture from the surrounding air. It has a vinegar-like odor, which is typical for acetate salts^[5].

 Figure 3: Cobalt acetate in its crystalline solid form

1.2 Chemical Properties

In an aqueous solution, cobalt acetate dissociates to produce cobalt ions (Co^2+) and acetate ions (CH3COO^-). In acidic environments, it is quite stable^[]. The synthesis of different cobalt complexes, which usually involve the coordination of cobalt ions with acetate ligands and other auxiliary ligands, begins with cobalt acetate. Under the right circumstances, cobalt(II) may be oxidized to cobalt(III) in cobalt acetate and related complexes. Because cobalt acetate and its derivatives may coordinate with reactant molecules and engage in redox processes, they are utilized as catalysts in organic transformations, This catalytic activity is leveraged in the production of polymers, specialty chemicals, and in the pharmaceutical industry for the synthesis of various drugs. The ability of cobalt acetate to promote desired reactions and increase reaction rates makes it a valuable component in these processes^[7]. When cobalt acetate is heated, it may become anhydrous by dehydrating and absorbing water from the environment to create hydrated complexes^[]. A number of variables, including pH, temperature, and ligand type, affect how stable cobalt acetate complexes are^[]. Cobalt acetate complexes have the capacity to interact with a wide range of ligands and substrates, affecting their stability, reactivity, and structure.

These chemical properties, combined with its physical characteristics, make cobalt acetate a versatile and valuable compound in various industrial and chemical applications

References

1. Beattie, James K., et al. “The chemistry of cobalt acetate. VIII. New members of the family of oxo-centred trimers,[Co3 (μ3-O)(μ-O2CCH3) 5− p (μ-OR) pL5] 2+(R= H, alkyl, L= ligand, p= 0–4). The preparation and characterisation of the trimeric tetrakis (μ-acetato)-(μ-hydroxo)-μ3-oxo-pentakis (pyridine)-tri-cobalt (III) hexafluorophosphate, [Co3 (μ3-O)(μ-O2CCH3) 4 (μ-OH)(C5H5N) 5][PF6] 2, and the preparation and crystal structure of the trimeric tris (μ-acetato)-(μ-hydroxo)-(μ- methoxo)-μ3-oxo-pentakis (pyridine)-tri-cobalt (III ….” Polyhedron 22.7 (2003): 947- 965.
2. Diemente, Damon. An electron paramagnetic resonance study of some cobalt complexes and their adducts with molecular oxygen. Northwestern University, 1971.
3. Thabede, P. M. The effect of carboxylic acids on the size and shape of Co3O4 nanoparticles: used as capping molecules and ligands in the preparation method. Diss. Vaal University of Technology, 2017.
4. Shen, Chaojun, et al. “Four new cobalt (ii) coordination complexes: thermochromic switchable behavior in the process of dehydration and rehydration.” CrystEngComm 14.9 (2012): 3189-3198.
5. Yang, Luqin, et al. “Cobalt (II) and cobalt (III) dipicolinate complexes: solid state, solution, and in vivo insulin-like properties.” Inorganic Chemistry 41.19 (2002): 4859-4871.

China is one of the largest consumers and producers of copper in the world. The country’s demand for copper is driven by its rapid industrialization, urbanization, and infrastructure development. China uses copper extensively in construction, power generation and transmission, electronics, transportation, and many other industries.

China has significant copper reserves, although the quality of the deposits varies. The largest copper mining operations in China are located in the provinces of Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Tibet, Yunnan, and Jiangxi. The major mining companies in China include Jiangxi Copper Corporation Limited, Tongling Nonferrous Metals Group Co., Ltd., and Zijin Mining Group Co., Ltd.

In addition to domestic production, China imports a substantial amount of copper to meet its demand. The country sources copper ore and concentrates from countries like Chile, Peru, Australia, and Mongolia, among others. It also imports refined copper and copper products from various countries.

The Chinese government closely monitors and regulates the copper industry to ensure a stable supply and manage prices. It has implemented measures such as import quotas, export restrictions, and environmental regulations to control the flow of copper in the country.

Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) has various applications in the field of glass production. Here are some ways in which cuprous oxide is used in glass:

1. Reducing agent: Cuprous oxide is often used as a reducing agent in glass manufacturing. It helps to remove any impurities or coloring agents present in the raw materials. By reducing the metal ions, cuprous oxide helps to achieve clearer and more transparent glass.
2. Colorant: Cuprous oxide is also employed as a colorant in glass production. Depending on the concentration used, it can impart shades of red, pink, or brown to the glass. This is particularly useful in decorative glassware, stained glass windows, and art glass.
3. Opacifier: Cuprous oxide can be used as an opacifier in glass, providing an opaque or milky appearance to the final product. This is often desirable for creating decorative or specialty glass items such as lampshades, vases, or glass beads.
4. Glass enamels: Cuprous oxide is utilized in the formulation of glass enamels. Glass enamels are powdered glass coatings that are applied to the surface of glass objects and then fused to create a decorative or protective layer. Cuprous oxide helps to provide specific colors and properties to the enamel, enhancing its durability and aesthetic appeal.
5. Solar energy applications: Cuprous oxide has also found application in solar energy devices such as photovoltaic cells. It can be used as a component in the construction of p-n junctions, which are crucial for converting sunlight into electricity. The unique electronic and optical properties of cuprous oxide make it a suitable material for solar energy conversion.

Cupric tartrate solution refers to a solution that contains cupric tartrate, a chemical compound composed of copper (II) ions (Cu2+) and tartrate ions. Cupric tartrate is commonly used in laboratory settings and chemical processes.

The chemical formula for cupric tartrate is C4H2CuO6, and its systematic name is copper(II) tartrate. It is often prepared by reacting copper(II) sulfate with tartaric acid or its salts.

Cupric tartrate solutions can vary in concentration and may be prepared in different solvents, such as water or other suitable organic solvents. These solutions may be used in various applications, including:

1. Analytical chemistry: Cupric tartrate can be used as a reagent or standard for the determination of other substances in solution, such as reducing agents.
2. Electroplating: Cupric tartrate solutions are sometimes used in electroplating processes to deposit a layer of copper onto a conductive surface. The tartrate ligands help stabilize the copper ions in solution and facilitate the electroplating process.
3. Catalysts: Cupric tartrate complexes can act as catalysts in certain chemical reactions, particularly oxidation reactions. They can promote the conversion of one substance into another without being consumed in the process.
4. Photography: In traditional photography, cupric tartrate was used in combination with other chemicals as a sensitizer for emulsions, helping to enhance the sensitivity of photographic materials to light.

Basic cupric carbonate, also known as copper carbonate hydroxide or copper(II) carbonate basic, is used as a wood preservative due to its ability to protect wood from decay and insect damage. The compound is a greenish-blue solid that contains copper, carbon, and oxygen.

When used as a wood preservative, basic cupric carbonate is typically applied in the form of a water-based solution or suspension. The treatment process involves the following steps:

1. Preparation: The wood to be treated is typically dried to a suitable moisture content to ensure optimal absorption of the preservative solution.
2. Solution/Suspension Preparation: Basic cupric carbonate is mixed with water to form a solution or suspension. The concentration of the preservative can vary depending on the desired level of protection.
3. Application: The preservative solution or suspension is applied to the wood surface through brushing, spraying, dipping, or pressure treatment. The method of application depends on the size and type of wood being treated.
4. Penetration and Fixation: Once applied, the preservative solution penetrates the wood, and the copper compounds in basic cupric carbonate react with wood components to form insoluble copper complexes. These complexes help fix the copper in the wood, making it resistant to leaching and enhancing the long-term effectiveness of the treatment.
5. Protection: The copper compounds in basic cupric carbonate provide protection against fungi, insects, and other wood-damaging organisms. They inhibit the growth of decay-causing fungi, preventing wood rot, and act as a deterrent to wood-boring insects.
6. Drying and Curing: After treatment, the wood is allowed to dry and cure to ensure the preservative has fully reacted and bonded with the wood fibers. This process typically takes some time, during which precautions should be taken to prevent exposure to moisture.

Anhydrous stannous chloride, also known as tin(II) chloride or tin dichloride, is a chemical compound with the formula SnCl2. It is a white crystalline solid that is commonly used in various industrial and laboratory applications. Here are a few examples of where anhydrous stannous chloride is used:

1. Chemical Synthesis: Anhydrous stannous chloride is often employed as a reducing agent in organic synthesis. It can facilitate several reactions, including the reduction of aromatic nitro compounds to amines, the reduction of alkyl halides to alkanes, and the reduction of carbonyl compounds to alcohols.
2. Tin Plating: Anhydrous stannous chloride is utilized in the electroplating industry for tin plating processes. It is used as a source of tin ions in electrolytic baths, where it helps in depositing a layer of tin onto various metal substrates. Tin plating is employed to enhance corrosion resistance, solderability, and appearance of the plated parts.
3. Textile Industry: Anhydrous stannous chloride is employed in the textile industry as a mordant. It helps to fix dyes to fabrics, improving their colorfastness and enhancing the overall dyeing process.
4. Glass Manufacturing: Anhydrous stannous chloride finds applications in the production of glass. It is used as a decolorizing agent to remove the greenish tint caused by iron impurities in glass formulations.
5. Catalyst: Anhydrous stannous chloride can act as a catalyst in certain chemical reactions. For instance, it can promote the conversion of propylene to isobutylene, and it is also used in the production of polyurethane foams as a catalyst for the reaction between polyols and isocyanates.

Copper chloride dihydrate, also known as cupric chloride dihydrate, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula CuCl2·2H2O. It consists of copper (Cu) ions bonded to two chloride (Cl) ions and two water (H2O) molecules. The dihydrate designation indicates that it contains two water molecules per copper chloride molecule.

Copper chloride dihydrate appears as a crystalline solid with a blue-green color. It is highly soluble in water and can also dissolve in ethanol and acetone. The compound is hygroscopic, meaning it readily absorbs moisture from the air.

It is commonly used in various applications, including:

1. Chemical reactions and synthesis: Copper chloride dihydrate is a versatile compound that serves as a source of copper ions in chemical reactions. It can be used as a catalyst, for example, in organic synthesis reactions.
2. Laboratory and analytical chemistry: It is employed in laboratory experiments and analysis, such as in the preparation of copper-based solutions and as a reagent for testing the presence of other substances.
3. Electroplating: Copper chloride dihydrate is utilized in electroplating processes, where a thin layer of copper is deposited onto a surface for corrosion protection, decoration, or circuitry purposes.
4. Pigments and dyes: The compound is sometimes employed as a coloring agent in ceramics, glass, and textiles, producing shades of blue and green.
5. Wood preservatives: Copper chloride dihydrate has been used as a wood preservative to protect against decay and insects, particularly in marine environments.

Copper sulfate, also known as cupric sulfate or copper(II) sulfate, can exist in several different forms or states depending on its hydration level. The most common forms of copper sulfate are:

1. Anhydrous Copper Sulfate: This is the anhydrous or dehydrated form of copper sulfate. It does not contain any water molecules and has a chemical formula of CuSO4. It appears as a white or grayish-white crystalline solid.
2. Copper(II) Sulfate Pentahydrate: This is the most commonly encountered form of copper sulfate. It is also known as blue vitriol or bluestone. It contains five water molecules for every copper sulfate molecule and has a chemical formula of CuSO4·5H2O. It appears as bright blue crystals or a blue powder.
3. Copper(II) Sulfate Monohydrate: This form of copper sulfate contains one water molecule for every copper sulfate molecule and has a chemical formula of CuSO4·H2O. It appears as a pale blue crystalline solid.
4. Copper(II) Sulfate Trihydrate: This form of copper sulfate contains three water molecules for every copper sulfate molecule and has a chemical formula of CuSO4·3H2O. It appears as blue crystals.

These various forms of copper sulfate have different properties and uses in different fields, including agriculture, industry, laboratory applications, and even as a fungicide or herbicide in gardening.

Copper and cuprous oxide are both chemical compounds that contain copper, but they have distinct differences in their composition and properties. Let’s explore the dissimilarities between copper and cuprous oxide:

1. Composition: Copper (Cu) is a pure elemental metal that exists in its metallic form. Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) is an oxide compound composed of copper and oxygen atoms.
2. Chemical Formula: Copper is represented by the chemical symbol “Cu,” whereas cuprous oxide is represented by the chemical formula “Cu2O,” indicating that it contains two copper atoms and one oxygen atom.
3. Color: Copper is a reddish-brown metal, known for its distinctive metallic luster. In contrast, cuprous oxide is a red powder with a rusty or brick-red color.
4. Oxidation States: Copper can exist in various oxidation states, including +1 and +2. In cuprous oxide, copper is present in the +1 oxidation state, forming a compound with one oxygen atom.
5. Reactivity: Copper is relatively unreactive, especially in its solid form, and is resistant to corrosion. It can undergo oxidation over time, leading to the formation of a greenish layer called copper patina. Cuprous oxide is a reactive compound and can readily undergo reduction reactions to form metallic copper.
6. Applications: Copper has a wide range of applications due to its excellent electrical conductivity, ductility, and corrosion resistance. It is used in electrical wiring, plumbing, electronics, and various industrial processes. Cuprous oxide also has some practical uses, primarily as a red pigment in ceramics, glass, and paints.
7. Toxicity: While copper is an essential micronutrient for humans and many organisms, high concentrations of copper can be toxic. Cuprous oxide is also considered toxic and should be handled with care, following appropriate safety precautions.

In summary, copper is a metallic element, while cuprous oxide is a compound formed by the combination of copper and oxygen atoms. Copper is known for its metallic properties, whereas cuprous oxide is a red powder used as a pigment.